Journalism

Sustainability Is Still A New Concept In The Lebanese...

Sustainability is still a new concept in the Lebanese community. Since 2009, many initiatives took place to embed sustainability into businesses in Lebanon, by creating the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Lebanon website and by making annual international meetings since 2011 to discuss sustainability in practice and not only in theory. Lebanese banks have been implementing sustainability in their approaches, and they have been financing small businesses and start-ups to move into more sustainable practices. The last annual meeting took place in April 2016. As detailed in the report by Lacy and al., â€Å"A new era of sustainability: UN Global Compact-Accenture CEO study 2010,† while CEOs in the world are convinced, now, more than ever, of†¦show more content†¦- With increased concern about education, health issues, climate change, depleting natural resources, and social development, a new corporation needs to tailor its operations to be as environmental friendly as possible and to tackle the needs of its customers and its employees by providing its employees with hand-on trainings and allowing them to grow financially, emotionally, and professionally. This is done by incorporating sustainability at the core of the business and not only as a peripheral choice. It needs to consider its customers as kings and to tailor its operations to tackle their needs and concerns. - It also needs to collaborate and engage with the different players, investors, and governments since everything is interconnected and everyone has a role to play no matter how small that role seems. - It needs to resort to new technologies because nothing can be done nowadays without using the internet, social media, computers, networks, green technology, etc†¦ The use of information and communication technologies leverages the use of energy towards more efficient energy consumption. Social media connects people and businesses more easily and allows consumers to interact more efficiently with businesses. While some challenges areShow MoreRelatedPolitical Elites And Non Elites Among Nations1783 Words   |  8 Pagesregardless of the type of government they possess, have the influence, wealth, clout, and savvy to determine the outcome of elections in politics as well as impact the lives of the general population, given their respective countries. Similar to the concept of Communism, the select few comprised of the elite group in certain countries make the majority of the decisions with no consequences or repercussions; regardless of how right or wrong that decision may be. The separation of elites and non-elitesRead MoreThe United Nations Security Council1858 Words   |  8 Pages On May 12, 1970, the United Nations Security Council entered Resolution 279, which read, simply, â€Å"Demands the immediate withdrawal of all Israeli armed forces from Lebanese territory.† So starts the first of many resolutions about the Israeli-Palestinian war. In 1946, the Security Council was formed pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization comprised of 15 states. The Security Council falls under the United Nations charter as an agency with discretionaryRead More The Nike Co. Essay3243 Words   |  13 Pagesaimed at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the competition; and an organizational improvement element aimed at ensuring a faster rate of performance improvement in all aspects of the business than cant be achieved by any competitor. The concept of Total Quality doesnt only apply to commercial organizations; its applicable to any type of organization, even to individuals. Further more, the use of a disciplined and structured approach to project-by-project improvement activities, on a companyRead MoreThe Relevant Concepts, Theories, and Models about Leadership Essay2902 Words   |  12 PagesAssignment aim and structure: The aim of this assignment is to analyze the relevant concepts, theories and models about leadership and describe one person who could be identified as leader and analyze how effective this person’s leadership is and why it is effective. Defining what is leadership comes first, second will provide an overview about my organization and the importance of leadership. 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Within the Middle East, the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) region in particular has seen major developments. New entrants are threatening the existence of long established airlines, while others are going global. This competition has resulted in developing both industry and consumer behaviors. Today, the airline industry within the region has become globally competitiveRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 Pagesin 2009, including the opening of such venues as the Lotus Hotel Apartments and Spa in Dubai. These spas offer ayurvedic treatments from India, Thai and Swedish massage therapies, facials, detox treatments and other dermatological care. Reiki is a new form of treatment that has been gaining in popularity. A recent report by Ernst and Young indicated that consumers taking spa treatments increased by 7% in 2009. 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I run, every now and then when things in life get tough Free Essays

It was a cool November night and there I was running through the smoky populous city of Chelmsford, rows upon rows of cars sped along the narrow concrete roads. Noise from the movement of cars and the odd occasional sound of a horn were to be heard. Among all this chaos and confusion there I was running, running as far away from my troubles as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on I run, every now and then when things in life get tough or any similar topic only for you Order Now My heart was pounding vigorously against my chest demanding more and more oxygen. Pain was accumulating in the lower part of my legs causing much agony. The only way that I could stop the pain was to stop running but I kept on running. I run, every now and then when things in life get tough. Every stride I take releases more stress and anger in my body. I was now panting, sweat gathered round my chest making my white cotton tee-shirt wet. I could now feel the force of the cool November air as I was making my way down hill. Maybe I shouldn’t have lost my temper with my mum. I could remember the scene at home just fifteen minutes ago which made me very angry. † You’ve got three English essays to do and you are sitting here watching television!† I recall my mum saying. She just came home from a twelve hour shift from the hospital; physically and emotionally she was very exhausted – it’s a stressful job being a doctor. Then she found me in the living room watching television – usually she doesn’t say anything about that, but when I have three pieces of coursework due, she gets angry. † You have got to take some responsibility of your own,† I recall her uttering. I can still remember her brown weary eyes looking at me and the expression on her face represented someone who was tired and disappointed. Disappointed to find her only child watching television at a time when he really should be catching up with work – to be honest I don’t blame her for getting angry. â€Å"Just trust me,† I remember my self pleading, † You know I will do it.† † When will u do it!†, I think my mum said, † I know when you’ll do it, you’ll do it at the very last minute, you’ll stay up till about two o clock in the morning doing it and this will affect the quality of your essays!.† It was getting colder – maybe I should have worn something more instead of my plain white tee-shirt and my rugby shorts. I turned the bend smoothly and now was going through the final two mile stretch. This is usually the hardest part of the race. It depends on the amount of will power I have. This is the stage where the pain intensifies to such an extent that I could hardly feel my shoulders and legs. The only thing that keeps me going is my raw determination, my anger, my will power. â€Å"Mum, God damn it leave me alone!† I remember shouting when she told me to do my work. â€Å"Just go and mind your own business.† I regretted the fact that I shouted. The expression on her face turned to one of utter surprise and disbelief. Her face reddened with anger, â€Å"Why do you think I work so hard?† I remember her saying. â€Å"It’s so that you get a chance in life to get educated and make something of your self!† She explained. â€Å"You don’t know how hard life is, it’s a harsh world out there, if you do not get educated you will probably end up doing a low- paid unskilled labour work, do u want that? This is when I got angry. I hate it when she says that she works just for me! This is when I got upstairs, changed into my training gear and went running! Sweat was dripping from my nose; my breathing was gradually getting heavier, as I ran on the cemented pavement. I was tired, my vision was getting more and more blurry, and all I could see was the headlights of cars as they drove opposite me. There are two different characters in me when I run, one says: â€Å"Come on you fool, what do you want to be a mediocre or the best?, Run, run, and never stop.† I have no trainer to give me encouragement during the hardest part of the race; therefore I have to provide encouragement myself. The other character says: â€Å"Why are your running fool! Why are you going through so much hardship when you could be sitting at home watching television?† There is a constant battle between my two characters when I run. Sometimes my negative character wins and I stop running but in most cases my positive character wins and I finish my race. Just three hundred yards left; this is the part in the race when I increase my speed to such an extent that I loose all my senses in my legs – they go completely numb. The only thing which could keep me going is my determination, my will to succeed and not be a failure. Another two hundred yards; â€Å"Keep running!† I shouted to myself, â€Å"No pain! No pain!† I kept instructing my self – in fact the only thing I could feel was pain. One hundred more yards left: â€Å"You’ve done it! Come on!† Finally I finished my run -I was outside my house and I was heavily breathing and sweating. Throughout the whole race all I suffered was pain and anguish- there was times when I thought I was going to stop. However I endeavoured to accomplish the goal I had set for myself. Now all I could feel was complete satisfaction. Maybe, if I set the same attitude towards school work and if I finish tasks in time I would be feeling the same level of satisfaction as I am feeling now. I looked up and saw my mother standing in front of me. â€Å"Released all your anger have you?† she asked with a smile on her face. â€Å"Yes, I’m calm now!† I replied. â€Å"Come on then, I’ll make you a cup of tea and then you can get started on your essays!† It’s bizarre how the whole atmosphere changes after a four mile run. How to cite I run, every now and then when things in life get tough, Essays

Supply Chain Management of the Adidas-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Write a report on Supply Chain Management of the Adidas. Answer: Introduction The report talks about the supply chain management system of the Adidas. Adidas has been selected for the report. It tells that how the supply chain management system helps to increase the revenue and profit of the company. Adidas is one of the biggest sportswear and accessories Manufacturer Company in Germany. Further, the report explains the key flows of the supply chain management and it also describes the planning process and MRP system of the company. It explains that how the company is making strategies to maintain a proper balance between demand planning and demand forecasting within the organization. In addition, it describes that how the company is maintaining inventory system in the organization (Wang, Lai Shi, 2011). Adidas is a German multinational corporation headquartered is located in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria. The company is dealing with various sportswear products such as shoes, footwear, sports equipment, accessories, and clothing. It is the second largest corporation in the world and it is the biggest sportswear manufacturer in the Europe. There are approx 53,731 employees are employed in the organization. In todays era, the company is expanding and flourishing its business operations and activities worldwide. Adolf Dassler is the founder of the company. It is the largest company measured by the revenue. The company is providing its sportswear products in more than 63 countries around the world (Dickson Fuss, 2011). The key flows in supply chain The supply chain management plays a vital role in Adidas. The supply chain management is the management of flows. It is the oversight of the information, materials, and finance as they move in a process and procedure from supplier to manufacturer, retailer, consumer, and wholesaler. The supply chain management helps to maintain coordination and corporation among the different companies. There are five major flows involve in supply chain management such as information flow, product flow, risk flow, value flow and financial flow etc. It manages and operates flow of products and services in an effective manner. There are various techniques used by the company in supply chain management to attain the long-term goals and objectives of the firm. These techniques can be helpful to evaluate and analyze the threats of the competitors around the world. Adidas adopted a system of reporting and scoring on its suppliers performance. Adidas is well known and reputed company thus; various technique s are used by the company (Mefford, 2011). Adidas supply chain management (Source: Adidas group. Com, 2017) Product flow: It is related to the product breakdown structure. The product flow refers to the flow of products and goods from the producer to the consumers are called as product flow. Adidas is using various strategies and policies to flow the products and goods in an effective and efficient manner. Adidas production system is unique and effective. It manages and produces various sports products through Adidas production system. The main aim of the product flow is to reduce the cost of production within the organization. It will also help to increase the number of customers in the global market (Wang, Lai Shi, 2011). Through product flow, the company is able to manage and reduce the risk of defective selling products which may result in injury to the customers. The company also uses various safety policies to fulfill the goals and objectives of the firm. The product flow process includes the intervention of the various distributors, suppliers, customers, and dealers etc. Through pr oduct flow, the company eliminates and reduces the intermediaries by obtaining the product and goods directly from the manufacturer. Further, the company uses balance scorecard approach to increase the number of customers within the organization (Hoejmose, Roehrich Grosvold, 2014). (Source: Adidas group, 2007) Information flow: This flow plays an integral role to gain long-term goals and objectives of the firm. It is an important to the supply chain management. It includes the demand, change demand, purchase, product description, feedback and queries of the customers. Information flow is the important method of the supply chain management of Adidas. The company provides its sports products and accessories at reasonable prices to attract the more consumers around the world. The employees provide various types of information to the customers related to the quality of the products. The company provides unique and adequate information to the customers to attract more consumers in the global market (Stadtler, 2015). Cash flow: The Company manages effective cash flow in order to meet the long-term mission and vision of the company. The cash flow provides information about the cash receipts and cash payments of the Adidas. The company is gathering the products from their clients to provide sufficient products to the consumers around the world. The customers pay the prices of the sportswear products and accessories to the producers. In this way, the company is able to provide attractive and unique products to customers around the world. The main aim of the Adidas is to fulfill the needs and requirements of the consumers across the world (Monczka, Handfield, R. B., Giunipero Patterson, 2015). Return flow: This flow does not include the revenue and profit of the Adidas. The company uses effective and logistics techniques and methods to handle and manage the return flow of the products. The company returns the accessories and sportswear products if the products are not as per the needs and requirements of the customers. Therefore, it is a very important method of the supply chain management (Ranganathan, Teo Dhaliwal, 2011). Recommendations to improve the key flows of supply chain management Now it is recommended that Adidas is one of the biggest players in the world. The company should focus on the supply chain management system in order to accomplish the goals and objectives of the firm. It should focus on the production system and return flow system to enhance and increase the revenue and profit of the company (Olugu, Wong Shaharoun, 2011). The make process analysis Production planning process The company uses effective production planning process to increase the sales of the company. The company follows transformation process in which raw material and stocks are sent to the factories for manufacturing of the accessories and sportswear products. The Adidas planning process includes scheduling, monitoring, loading, sequencing, and control activities to make the supply chain management more effective and unique. Further, enterprise resource planning system is used by the company to utilize the resources. The company maintains coordination and communication with customers to attract and retain more consumers in the global market. Further, various software is used by the company to evaluate and analyze the needs and expectations of the customers. Through the planning process, the company is able to eliminate and reduce the wastage (Brandenburg, Govindan, Sarkis Seuring, 2014). Production planning process of Adidas (Source: Akrani. G, 2013) Material requirement planning process The material planning process is an important and foremost process of the Adidas. By using material planning process, the company is able to provide various types of sportswear products such as shoes, apparel, accessories, and footwear. Further, master production scheduling plan is developed and built by the company for the production, inventory, and staffing within the organization (Subramanian Ramanathan, 2012). The company has developed a system for maintaining the proper inventory level within the organization. The company uses digital and innovative technologies to improve the material planning process of the Adidas. Along with this, the company uses bills of material to produce the specific sportswear products and accessories within the organization. The company maintains proper communication and collaboration with suppliers and manufacturers to overcome on the competitors in the organization. The material requirement planning process is important to monitor and focus on the a ctivities and operations of the company (Hax, 2013). Justification and recommendation It has been recommended that the company uses effective and unique strategies to beat the competitors around the world. Further, the company should focus on the supply chain management system to enhance and increase the profit and revenue of the company. In todays era, the company is facing various challenges and issues due to poor quality. Therefore, Adidas must focus on the quality of the sports products to increase the number of customers around the world. The company should focus and monitor the activities of the employees to improve and enhance the productivity and efficiency of the organization as well as employees. Apart from this, the firm must focus on the production process and material planning process to manage and control the activities and operations smoothly. In this way, the company is able to increase and maximize the level of satisfaction of the customers in the global market (Bosona Gebresenbet, 2013). The supply chain forecasting Demand planning and demand forecasting Adidas focuses and monitors on the demand planning and demand forecasting to increase the profit within the organization. Technology plays an integral role to do effective supply chain planning and forecasting. By using effective planning and forecasting, the company is able to maintain effective supply chain management in the organization. The company also uses product barcodes to increase the sale of the sportswear and accessories products within the organization. Further, Adidas uses forecasting techniques to predict the future risks and challenges within the organization. The demand forecasting also helps to eliminate the barriers of the market (Atilgan, McCullen, 2011). The firm should also focus on the advertisement and promotional strategies to increase the sale of the sportswear products within the organization. Through demand forecasting, the company can produce right and suitable products at reasonable and suitable cost. The company can use survey methods to evaluate and a nalyze the needs and expectations of the consumers in the organization. The company uses various types of forecasting models such as qualitative, quantitative, time series model, drift model, econometric forecasting model, and native approach. The firm can also use qualitative and quantitative forecasting model to procure the products for the future time period. It is the most effective model of the Adidas. Further, the company can use data warehousing model to predict the demand behavior of the customers. Along with this, the firm uses forecasting evaluation techniques and methods to maintain the proper records of the products. Forecasting evaluation and accuracy techniques are used by the MRP to run the business activities and operate properly and smoothly (Teller, Kotzab Grant, 2012). Recommendations Now it is recommended that the company must use effective and unique marketing strategies to gain success and growth within the organization. Along with this, the company must use the effective and unique technologies and methods to maintain a proper balance between the demand and supply in the competitive environment within the organization. Apart from this, the organization should use collaborative, planning, forecasting and replenishment techniques and methods to predict the demand and supply of the inventory in the global market (Waters Rinsler, 2014). In addition, Adidas must focus on the supply chain strategy to manage and control the activities and operations of the organization. Apart from this, the company should increase the transparency and collaboration in the workplace. Further, the firm should focus on the inventory management to maintain a proper stock of the products. Further, the company should improve and enhance the returns management to manage the stock of the co mpany. The firm must focus on the just in time inventory management to reduce the inventory cost within the organization (de Leeuw van den Berg, 2011). Conclusion On the above discussion, it has been concluded that Adidas is one of the biggest leaders in accessories and sportswear industry around the world. Further, effective and unique supply chain management is used by the company. The supply chain management helps to increase and enhance the revenue and targets of the firm. Along with this, effective planning process and MRP system are used by the Adidas to reduce the future challenges and obstacles within the organization. The firm also monitors and evaluates the needs, requirements, and expectations of the consumers to attain long-term goals and sustainability in the organization. It focuses on the inventory management and balanced scorecard approach in order to determine the long-term success and growth of the firm. Along with this, Adidas maintains proper communication and co-operation with customers in the global market to increase the number of customers globally. In addition, it focuses on the demand planning and demand forecasting t o manage the different activities effectively and efficiently (Wang, Lai Shi, 2011) References Atilgan, C., McCullen, P. (2011). Improving supply chain performance through auditing: a change management perspective.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,16(1), 11-19. Bosona, T., Gebresenbet, G. (2013). Food traceability as an integral part of logistics management in food and agricultural supply chain.Food control,33(1), 32-48. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. de Leeuw, S., van den Berg, J. P. (2011). Improving operational performance by influencing shopfloor behavior via performance management practices.Journal of Operations Management,29(3), 224-235. Dickson, M. J., Fuss, F. K. (2011). Effect of acceleration on optimization of Adidas Bounce shoes.Procedia Engineering,13, 107-112. Hax, A. C. (2013). Hierarchical production planning. InEncyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science(pp. 708-712). Springer US. Hoejmose, S. U., Roehrich, J. K., Grosvold, J. (2014). Is doing more doing better? The relationship between responsible supply chain management and corporate reputation.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), 77-90. Mefford, R. N. (2011). The economic value of a sustainable supply chain.Business and Society Review,116(1), 109-143. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Olugu, E. U., Wong, K. Y., Shaharoun, A. M. (2011). Development of key performance measures for the automobile green supply chain.Resources, conservation and recycling,55(6), 567-579. Ranganathan, C., Teo, T. S., Dhaliwal, J. (2011). Web-enabled supply chain management: Key antecedents and performance impacts.International Journal of Information Management,31(6), 533-545. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Subramanian, N., Ramanathan, R. (2012). A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process in operations management.International Journal of Production Economics,138(2), 215-241. Teller, C., Kotzab, H., Grant, D. B. (2012). Improving the execution of supply chain management in organizations.International Journal of Production Economics,140(2), 713-720. Wang, F., Lai, X., Shi, N. (2011). A multi-objective optimization for green supply chain network design.Decision Support Systems,51(2), 262-269. Waters, D., Rinsler, S. (2014).Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers.

Mikhail Gorbachev Essays - Drinking Culture, Alcohol, Drug Culture

Mikhail Gorbachev One of the most dramatic and revolutionary changes in Russian history is the restriction of the consumption of alcohol. Mikhail Gorbachev instituted his anti-alcohol campaign on May 16, 1985 in order to decrease alcohol consumption by Soviet citizens and instead teach them the rewards of moderation. Some such rewards were a better life at home with their families, more advancement in their jobs, and better overall health. Although Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign was effective in generating some positive changes, it eventually failed, causing resentment toward the leadership, worsening health issues, creating illegal alcohol production markets, and increasing the budget deficit. When Gorbachev was fifteen, he went out one day with his father and his harvesting team. The mechanics decided that it would be funny to play a joke on the young boy. They gave him a drink of pure alcohol, and told him that it was vodka. He drank it, and it utterly disgusted him. This was an important lesson to him. It made him not like alcohol, therefore making him want others to stay away from it. This could have saved his nation. Gorbachev noted, "After that experience I have never felt any pleasure in drinking vodka or spirits" (Gorbachev 37). That is important because if he had liked alcohol, there most likely never would have been any anti-alcohol campaign. "Temperance was the rule in the Gorbachev household on holidays, the men might take one shot glass of vodka or cognac in celebration, no more" (Smith 38). The Gorbachev family is an example of how alcohol should have been used in Russia. They drank in moderation, as opposed to others who drank simply to get drunk and were unable to control themselves while drinking. Gorbachev wanted others to be able to drink as they did, and he tried to set a good example in order to get his point across. However, his plans didn't work out as he had suspected. "Gorbachev saw alcoholism as an offense to the Soviet ideal and a symptom of weak personal morals rather than a failing of the Soviet order" (Galeotti 58). He thought that people should be able to control themselves while drinking, and if they didn't it was their own fault. It is not unusual that he would initiate, as one of his first priorities after taking power in March 1985, an anti-alcohol campaign. Alcohol had always been a large part in a Russian's life. "The Russians have always drunk vodka," former Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev once said. "They can't get by without it" (Sudo 14). Drunkenness had been a plague in Russia since the Middle Ages; that is no secret. However, for years the communist leadership refused to acknowledge the fact that alcohol abuse posed any problems. Periodically, in pre-revolutionary times and even during the first years of Soviet power, the authorities initiated missions against alcoholism, none of which resulted in success. By the time Gorbachev got to power, the drinking problem was very much out of hand in Russia. "Until Gorbachev clamped down on the consumption of alcohol in June 1985, the Soviets were literally drinking themselves to death" (Naylor 194). Alcohol was putting a profound strain on society. Consumption had skyrocketed during the Brezhnev era. This is especially significant considering it was already considerably high at the beginning of his era. In 1984, state revenues from the sale of alcoholic beverages reached fifty-three billion rubles, four times what it had been twenty years before. The alcohol issue became disastrous. "Nearly one hundred and sixty-three million out of a population of two hundred and eighty million drink regularly; as many as twenty million are alcoholics" (Sudo 14). With that many people in a society having problems with alcohol, obviously something had to be done. The annual loss to the economy from drunkenness was an estimated eighty to one hundred billion rubles. Alcoholism was the third most common ailment, after heart disease and cancer. The life expectancy of men was declining. Infant mortality rates were rising. Health of present and future generations was being corrupted. "It was also responsible for most marriage breakups" (Morris 48). Wives had become desperate trying to save their marriages, with their husbands practically drinking themselves to death. Crime, corruption, and cynicism were all increasing. Drunk drivers were responsible for fourteen thousand traffic deaths per year. "Alcoholism was probably the largest single cause of a stunning increase in the Soviet Union's crude death rate" (Kaiser 101). In 1964, there were about seven deaths per one thousand citizens. This statistic grew to almost eleven deaths per one thousand citizens in

Basketball.

Basketball. BasketballBasketball is a game played on a rectangular court, which is usually indoors. The objective of the game is to score more points than the opposing team by putting an orange, round ball through a hoop called a rim. The rims are placed at opposite ends of the court, ten feet above the ground. The rim is connected to a four by six foot backboard. Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world and it is played by both men and women.Each basketball team is allowed five players on the court at a time. The players consists of two guards, two forwards, and a center. You have to keep bouncing (dribbling) the ball down the court. You can not stop "dribbling" until you are willing to pass the ball to another player. You can not touch another player or it will be called a foul.English: Basketball article stub iconPlaying offence is the most prominent part of playing basketball. Basic offensive skills include passing, ball handling, shooting, and rebounding. Passing the ball i s the fastest and most efficient way of advancing the ball up the court. There are five types of passes that are "chest", where the ball is thrown at chest height, "bounce", where the ball is bounced on the ground before it reaches the other teammate, "overhead", where the ball is thrown with both hands over your head, "baseball-style", in which the ball is thrown like a baseball, and "behind-the-back", in which the player throws the ball at waist height with one hand whipping around the back. Another offensive strategy is shooting. The basic types of shooting are the "layup", the "jump shot", the "foul shot", and the "hook shot".The defense id just as important to winning the game as the offense. The goal of the...

Ontemporary dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ontemporary dance - Essay Example There has never been a single specific style of modern dance in any era. Though it often uses the body alignment and movement of ballet, modern dance has developed beyond the vocabulary of ballet, and has reached the threshold of success due to these three modern choreographic creators. Ruth St Denis was one of the most prominent dance creators of the First generation; she was the pioneer of modern dance in the era in which there was no concept of turning dance into choreography. It is often said that Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey were influenced by St Denis, this is due to the fact they were classmates who studied dance together in 1920s, later they broke away and developed their own philosophies of modern dance which provided these women the opportunity to become directors and choreographers. "Particularly, in the ballet world, these roles had been and continue to be dominated by men". (Dance, 2006) St. Denis was the one who escorted traditional dance to the threshold of modern dance where she incorporated elements of Far Eastern dance into her choreography. Later St. Denis married her dance partner Ted Shawn who founded the "Denishawn" company and trained many great dancers who went on to form their own companies. Martha Graham akin to St Denis, has had an enormous impact on the field of modern dance. "Her notion of contraction and release (a torso based movement of a sharp intake of breath followed by a strong exhalation), her groundbreaking dances based on mythology, and her theatrical personality have made her the best known modern dancer of all time. Graham created a technique that emphasized "contraction and release". These words are now synonymous with modern dance. Graham was the first modern dance choreographer to reach out to other genres of modern art for collaboration. She is considered the most influential and famous modern choreographer of the 20th century. Humphrey developed a fundamental theory of movement based on "fall and recovery" that became the basis of her technique". (Dance, 2006) There is a difference between the influences of Martha Graham and Humphrey, Graham developed her own choreographical dances while Humphrey remained in contact with St Denis by joining her Deinshawn Company in 1917 and was teaching classes and performing with the company in featured roles. "Charles Weidman was Humphrey's choreographic and dance partner in the 1920s and 1930s, and was himself a key figure in the development of the American modern dance. Humphrey began her choreographic career while at Denishawn, where she created, with St. Denis, famous pieces like "Soaring," set to the Schumman score of the same title, and "Sonata Pathetique," to the Beethoven score". "In 1928, Humphrey and Charles Weidman left the Denishawn company to found their own school and company. Like Martha Graham, Humphrey was interested in moving away from the sentimentalis m and romanticism of the Denishawn company toward a new dance vocabulary and style that was truly "modern"." (The Solo Dancers) Ruth St. Denis created an exotic movement vocabulary through dancing and choreography that balanced precariously between sensuality and religion. By the 1930s Martha Graham was developing a dance technique whose angularity and sharp

Compare or contrast Ken Albala's Eating Right in The Renaissance with Essay

Compare or contrast Ken Albala's Eating Right in The Renaissance with Michelle Obama's Let's Move campaign - Essay Example This paper will compare the main theme of Albala’s book, that of dietary concerns and political activity with the Lets Move campaign started and ran by Michelle Obama. Albala states that diet and Political stability are interconnected, a fact that is illustrated by Michelle’s campaign. The First Lady’s campaign is targeted at reducing the overall rate of obesity in children in the United States by advocating for healthier eating habits and active lifestyles. The first comparison between the First Lady’s campaign and Albala’s theme is the actions by Obama to associate with the public. The First Lady’s campaign is a method of mingling with the population, which serves to increase the political influence of the President. The use of the First Lady as a promotional campaign serves to increase the notion that the White House and the political elite are concerned with the health and wellbeing of the population. Albala’s assertion that diet and political stability are interconnected is also true since it can be eluded that a healthy population has less time to find the negative effects of the political regime. From the photos in the Let’s Move campaign, Michelle’s efforts are seen as she tries to encourage the youth to plant gardens, which constitutes extra activity. The use of extra activity serves to reduce obesity rates in the population. The connection between the work of Michelle Obama and the author is also seen in the economic performance that the campaign has instigated. Albala states that there is a connection between the economic performance of a commonwealth with the food habits in the population, and from the reaction to the Let’s Move Campaign, this assertion is confirmed. The reaction of food manufacturers to Obama’s work included the actions by manufacturers and retailers to reduce sugar, salt and fat in in

Demand In Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demand In Health Care - Essay Example the health care facilities are scarce, with limited hospitals and doctors. Most of the rural areas are deprived of proper medical treatments. In these developing (and under developed) countries most of the population belongs to the rural areas. The availability of proper medical facilities is scarce (Pear & Lowry, 2012). In addition to this, low standard medical facilities are available at significantly high prices. The demand for the proper medical treatment becomes low in rural areas because of lack of affordability and access to the up to the mark medical goods or services. Therefore, people in developing countries, particularly in the rural areas demand health care services. On the contrary, in developed countries most of the people are provided with the facilities of health care insurance at reasonable prices, which can make the access to proper medical facilities easier (McConnell, Campbell, Brue & Stanley, 1990), therefore people in developed countries like Canada, U.S and Europe take great care of their health. This again reflects the law of demand. The example illustrates the fact that there are different categories of health care facilities, some of them are those, which cannot be avoided for example in case of a car accident the emergency treatment cannot be avoided. The demand for the medical treatment in such situations is considered inelastic, no matter at what price the medical treatment is available. On the other hand, some medication for the purpose of headache can be avoided if the prices of medical facilities are high. Therefore, the demand for medical facilities, which are needed in case of emergency are inelastic i.e. with the change in price the demand of medical facilities may have insignificant impact. On the same logic (but with a different scenario), the demand for minor medication is highly elastic i.e. the demand reduces with the increase in price. On the contrary, the demand increases with

Medical Malpractice in India and in General

Medical Malpractice in India and in General Master of Health Management LWN164 Health Care Law and Ethics Assessment Item No. 3 Abstract: The interrelationship between medical ethics and the law are perhaps nowhere as starkly obvious as in the domain of medical malpractice. Ethical and legal conduct and practices regularly operate harmoniously however in cases of medical malpractice ethical standards and issues encompassing therapeutic risk can clash. Some examples include disclosure of mistakes; quality change practices; non-adherence to professional standards; managing patients who act against therapeutic guidance; and the different assurances of Good Samaritan laws. Malpractice cases may be further complicated when doctors oversee the investigation process. For these reasons, research into medical malpractice in India is timely to understand the causes, prevalence, current processes and may provide solutions for improved practice. The literature review will specifically consider the Legal and Ethical side of Medical malpractice in India and in general, with a critical evaluation of the legal system, approach to ethi cs, the implications of the failure of the medical malpractice system for the health system and case reviews from an Indian perspective. Causes of Malpractice in India Main points will include: Private Hospitals, often with profit as their primary aim, utilize a system of incentives and disincentives to push specialists to over-bill, sometimes unethically. With places in the financed government medical schools limited, aspiring medical students often choose private Medical universities that charge high fees. This tempts doctors to work in private hospitals to recover their costly investment in therapeutic training. Overcharging has further implications for health insurance. Unethical practices are a distress to individual patients and organizations, on account of salaried employees who get health coverage benefits from their managers. Insurance premiums are arranged intermittently and the rates are chosen on the basis of earlier years claims. The more expensive the claims one year, the higher the premium will be the next year. In this way, patients or their employers (if insurance is part of a salary package) need to an indirect way bear the rising cost health insurance premiums. The insurance agencies rarely question claims unless their net installment commitments surpass the net premiums. Insurance providers have devised approaches to confine their general liabilities, for example, capping installments for the treatment of particular sicknesses. If everything fails, Health Insurance Company raises the premium for family cover to compensate for a low return in corporate health coverage. Thus, medical specialists, private hospitals, pharmaceutical, and insurance agencies are profiting at the cost of individual patients and enterprises who give the insurance advantages to their employees in a largely unregulated healthcare market. The Way Forward The Medical Council of India is inefficient in checking malpractice and corruption in the medical field and may be disbanded soon. An arrangement of standardized treatment protocol may help control malpractice, however that may likewise constrain specialists. Plus, standardized treatment protocol may raise the cost of treatment. The preferred hospital network system has improved convenience; however it is insufficient to control corrupt specialists and clinics. Tweaking the system of incentives and disincentives, enhanced access to data and, thus, a more straightforward healthcare services market can end unethical therapeutic practices. Main points will include: Incentives: Increasing the supply of seats in government medical universities and capping fees will decrease investment costs for medical students and thus lessen the incentives to work in private hospitals, which are frequently run not by doctors but rather by MBAs. Lowered debt will lessen the motivating factors for doctors to cheat and overbill. Access to data and transparency: Mandatory video recordings, in addition to archiving and sharing the recording to patients or their representatives, will make specialists responsible. At present, private health facilities should distribute the qualifications and experience of top specialists. That practice should be extended to incorporate each specialists record in treating patients. For example, a gynecologists profile must show the number and type of deliveries supervised. Such data will help patients make informed choices about which specialist to go to for treatment. The accessible, online rating and positioning of doctors in fraud-prone specialties, for example, kidney transplants, gynecology, and cardiology, by third party independent agencies can be useful. Similarly, rating hospitals in light of their basic infrastructure, charges, and a few markers of ethical business practices, such as the number of medical malpractice suits filed can guarantee improved conduct. The capping of fees will prevent well-regarded health care providers from overcharging. Disincentives: Aggrieved patients ought to be encouraged to take their grievances to consumer courts, which are less expensive, speedier, and dont require legal counselors. Corporations, particularly the larger ones with greater insurance premium bills, are encouraged to hire in-house specialists and medical lawyers to explore whether they are profiting by unethical specialists, clinics, or insurance agencies, and take suitable remedial actions. The above measures can check a large portion of, but not all, unethical practices. For genuine infractions, stringent punishments including fines, detainment and permanent disbarment, still might be required. The Importance of Health Law: The Medical Council of India (Indian Medical Council Rules, 1957) has a redress system that can offer disciplinary action against misconducting specialists after appropriate investigative methods. The harassment of specialists who are falsely implicated in negligence has been curtailed by the Supreme Court, which has issued guidelines for the criminal charging of doctors (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986). The medical profession that was once viewed as respectable is presently considered alongside other professions as liable for paying for damages. The patients who demanded refunds for alleged medical carelessness resorted to the civil courts. Public awareness of medical malpractice in India is developing. Hospital administrations are progressively confronting complaints in regards to the standards of professional competence, facilities, and the suitability of their therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. After the Consumer Protection Act (1986), has taken effect , a few patients have filed legal cases claiming the specialists were negligent in their treatment, and received compensation. Therefore, various legal decisions have been made on what constitutes negligence and what is required to prove it. The review will focus on why laws are failing in India, why the laws are not strict enough to put an end to malpractice and who is responsible, the health industry, management, the public, the government or the physicians themselves? The legal issues will include: The fundamentals of medical malpractice and negligence, identifying malpractice and excluding cases with poor outcomes but no negligence. Changing ideas of informed consent. Practical issues of medical negligence with cases from the Indian Courts. Investigating why individuals make medical negligence cases. Approaches to manage medical accidents. Causes of increase in medical carelessness. Fundamentals of therapeutic liability in India Medical Ethics: The medical profession in India is at intersection, confronting numerous ethical and legal difficulties. The fundamental values of medicine insist that the specialists commitment is to keep the patients interest above everything else. The vital issues of autonomy, justice, confidentiality, non-maleficence, and beneficence are key elements that ought to direct the day to day practice of the specialist. The ethical guidelines of medical practice given by The Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette, and Ethics) Regulations, (Code of Ethics Regulation, 2002) are aimed at strengthening the ethical measures among enlisted medical experts in India. Points that will give basic insight into solutions to ethical issues in medical practice: Improving relationship between patient and doctor. Ethical training of postgraduates and undergraduates in their therapeutic training. Challenges associated with modern medical practice. Coverage of Doctors and Hospitals under Consumer Protection Act (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986) Research Methodology: Professional negligence by a health service provider has implication for both the legal and health profession. Avoidable medical injury increases the cost of treatment, while negligence claims have been blamed for further increase in cost of health care in India. This research is to analyze medical malpractice legislation and its consequences on stakeholders, for example, the health care consumer, the medical professionals, and the legal community. A thorough analysis of researches, articles and journals based on liability of hospitals in medical negligence, an analysis of medical negligence and law in India, Breach of patients trust in medical negligence, analysis and interpretation of medical negligence. The research will include arguments supporting the ethics and laws in medical malpractice as well as how laws are misused against the medical professionals by the patients for financial gain. Causes of medical malpractice: Medical malpractice (Sloan Chepke, 2008 p. 302-303) Communication gaffes: a root cause of malpractice claims- (Hutington and Kuhn, 2003 p. 157-161) Solutions to Medical Malpractice: Progress in Medicine: Compensation and medical negligence in India: Does the system need a quick fix or an overhaul? Chandra and Math, (2016) Malpractice: Problems and Solutions- (Bernstein, 2013 p.372-378) Importance of health law and legal issues in medical malpractice: Journal of health and life sciences law- A Better Approach to Medical Malpractice Claims. (Boothman, Blackwell, Campbell, Commiskey, and Anderson, 2009, p 125-159) Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense A legal perspective. Pandit Pandit, (2009) Ethics in medical malpractice: Health Law and Medical Practice Chesnokova and Arina Evgenievna, (2016) Ethics and Medical Malpractice- Dougherty, (1990). Case Reviews: Important medical negligence cases in India Yadav, (2014) References Bernstein, J. (2013) Malpractice: Problem and Solutions. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 471(3). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563820/ Boothman, R. C., Blackwell, A. C., Campbell Jr, D. A., Commiskey, E., Anderson, S. (2009). A better approach to medical malpractice claims? The University of Michigan experience. Chandra, M. S., Math, S. B. (2016). Progress in Medicine: Compensation and medical negligence in India: Does the system need a quick fix or an overhaul?. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 19(Suppl 1), S21. Chesnokova, Arina Evgenievna (2016). Health Law and Medical Practice. AMA Journal of Ethics, 18(3),197. Code of Ethics Regulation, (2002). Published in Part III, Section 4 of the Gazette of India, dated 6th April, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.mciindia.org/RulesandRegulations/CodeofMedicalEthicsRegulations2002.aspx Consumer Protection Act (Rule 4 in Order XVIII of Consumer Protection Act, 1986). Bare acts ,Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ,Order 18 Rule 4. Retrieved from http://www.lawzonline.com/bareacts/civil-procedure-code/order18-rule4-code-of-civil-procedure.htm Dougherty, C. J. (1990). Ethics and Medical Malpractice. Creighton L. Rev., 24, 1233. Hutington B. and Kuhn N., (2003) Communication gaffes: a root cause of malpractice claims 16(2): 157-161. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201002/ J Health Life Sci Law, 2(2), 125-159. Pandit, M.S. Pandit, S., (2009).Indian Journal of Urology 25(3): 372-378. Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense A legal perspective. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-1591 Sloan, F. A., Chepke, L. M. (2008). Medical malpractice (pp. 302-03). Cambridge, MA: Mit Press. Yadav S., (2014) Important medical negligence cases in India. Retrieved fromhttps://blog.ipleaders.in/important-medical-negligence-cases-india/

war :: essays research papers

The cries of joy were deafening as people gathered in the streets. People ran around hugging and kissing strangers. In a sense, the news was totally unexpected. Japan had just surrendered. VJ Day, as it is now called, produced great celebration. Everyone was relieved that we would not have to endure a bloody invasion of Japan. We would not have to sacrifice 200,000 more men to end the war. During the war, millions of lives were put on hold. Now that the war is over, people could start living their lives again. "The misery is behind us," they would say. "We have won the war." In reality, though, there are no winners in war; only losers. Even the "winners" are actually losers. Both sides in any conflict suffer losses. The question is not who won the most, but who lost the least. The "winners" of WWII suffered staggering losses. Even the U.S., which did not have its own homeland ravaged by the war, suffered great losses. Besides the $360 billion price tag ($3,578 billion in today’s dollars), there were 292,131 Americans killed (not to mention the 115,185 "non-battle deaths"). There were also 670,846 Americans wounded. This, of course, does not take into account the emotional toll of shattered lives and marriages. Yes, we "won" because we survived the war declared on us by Japan and Germany. Yes, we "won" because we saved the world from plummeting into a very dark and desperate era. Yes, we "won" because we saved over 100 million people from certain death and several hundred million people from oppression and torture. If Japan and Germany had not been defeated, the losses to America (and the rest of the world) would have been far more substantial. So, in comparison, we did "win." Don’t get me wrong; I’m not an anti-war protestor. I feel there is a definite need for a strong national defense. I feel it is important for our country to be able to defend herself. I also believe that there is the unfortunate need for the U.S. to defend the oppressed and defenseless of the world. Although I don’t like the U.S. being the guardian of the world, there is a moral obligation to protect the defenseless when there is wholesale genocide and torture taking place. Of course, history has shown us there is a right way and a wrong way to intervene in foreign problems. The reason I bring this up is because we all have our own private "wars.

John Donnes’ “A Valediction: Forbidden Mourning” Essay

In the poem â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning†, by John Donne, the speaker is consoling his lover who is mournful of the speaker’s imminent departure. The speaker is saying that since they have stronger than ordinary love for one another, their love will endure the separation. Donne uses metaphysical conceits and comparative imagery to illustrate the crux of the poem. The speaker is reassuring his lover by reminding her of how great their love is; it transcends the physical and therefore will overcome whatever obstacle is set on their path. He is forbidding his lover to mourn his departure. In the first half of the poem the speaker contrasts their love between that of spiritual and material objects; the inferior actions of the earth compared to those of the heavenly â€Å"spheres† (11). He is trying to prove to his lover how their love is not of the ordinary kind; it is more than simple affection. He compares their love to that of pure gold saying â€Å"let us melt, and make no noise† (5). Pure gold, when melted, does not spatter, it melts down smoothly. Therefore he is saying that if there love was gold it would make no noise for their love is that of the purest kind. The speaker then says that earthly things â€Å"[bring] harm and fears† (9) but since their love is above earthly matters, they should consequently not be afraid of parting. The speaker feels that there should be no grieving and exaggerates his lovers anguish, telling her there should be â€Å"no tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests† (6). The narrator talks of â€Å"dull sublunary lovers†¦whose [souls are] sense'† (13/14); these lesser couples’ love is based upon the five senses. He is saying that love cannot be simply based upon these senses, which are purely physical. Love has to transcend the physical to be pure and their love does. The speakers tone then turns comforting by saying that they both know that their love is more than physical therefore they should be at ease. A physical separation is ensuing but not an emotional one: their love will endure. He describes their â€Å"two souls†¦which are one† (21). He says that their separation will not be a â€Å"breach but an expansion† (24) of their love; their souls are united and cannot be separated by whatever forces shall come in their way. He continues to develop the image between their love and pure gold by saying that through this separation their souls will simply spread  apart â€Å"to aery thinness† (24) but never separate (as does pure gold when flattened). Donne compares the couple to a geometrical compass, a metaphor which carries two significant meanings. The first being the idea of a compass being two separate entities, two feet, which are attached but not always together. He says that the compass is them, separate beings but still united as one, by their soul. One foot of the compass will stay as the other moves around and away, and the stationary foot â€Å"hearkens after it† (31) but is unable join the other. The speaker is making the point that not matter how far one of them may travel they will always complete the circle and eventually return to the beginning. The compass also portrays their love as a circle. A circle is an image of perfection: never ending and continuing for eternity as is their love. The speaker is saying that no matter how far apart they may travel they will always come back to one another. He may travel far but he will   [draw] his circle just, and†¦ end, where [he] began† (36). The speaker described before how their love transcends the physical, it is deeper than sex and arousal of the senses. In the final stanzas though, the speaker addresses all the factors of any healthy relationship. The speaker says that his â€Å"compass foot†, as it draws nearer home, grows â€Å"erect† (32), an allusion to the sexual component of their relationship. Despite the awesome power of an emotionally based relationship there is still a strong a physical aspect. He misses her with his soul but also physically yearns for her. This poem is written to comfort a lover. Donne opens with comparative images of the physical and earthly, saying that the sentiment between the two lovers is more than earthly love. He then uses metaphysical conceits, comparisons of unrelated objects–the physical and the spiritual–to further emphasize his point. The two compasses, no matter how far apart they travel will always return to the other. If one is truly in love then physical separation does not matter; if anything it will only strengthen the union. The feelings between the speaker and his lover are greater than common love, therefore they can endure the separation; the speaker’s departure should not  be mourned.

Catapult Definition, History, and Types

Catapult Definition, History, and Types Descriptions of Roman sieges of fortified cities invariably feature siege engines, the most familiar of which are the battering ram or aries, which came first, and the catapult (catapulta, in Latin). Here is an example from the first century A.D. Jewish historian Josephus on the siege of Jerusalem: 2. As for what is within the camp, it is set apart for tents, but the outward circumference hath the resemblance to a wall, and is adorned with towers at equal distances, where ​between the towers stand the engines for throwing arrows and darts, and for slinging stones, and where they lay all other engines that can annoy the enemy, all ready for their several operations.Josephus Wars. III.5.2 According to Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery, by Dietwulf Baatz, the most important sources of information on ancient siege engines come from ancient texts written by Vitruvius, Philo of Byzantium (third century B.C.) and Hero of Alexandria (first century A.D.), relief sculptures representing sieges, and artifacts found by archaeologists. The Meaning of the Word Catapult Etymology Online says the word catapult comes from the Greek words kata against and pallein to hurl, an etymology that explains the working of the weapon, since the catapult is an ancient version of the cannon. When Did the Romans Start to Use the Catapult? When the Romans first started using this type of weapon isnt known with certainty. It may have begun after the Wars with Pyrrhus (280-275 B.C.), during which the Romans had an opportunity to observe and copy Greek techniques. Valà ©rie Benvenuti argues that the inclusion of towers within Roman-built city walls from about 273 B.C. suggests that they were designed to hold siege engines. Early Developments in the Catapult In Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid, Josiah Ober says the weapon was invented in 399 B.C. by engineers in the employ of Dionysios of Syracuse. [See Diodorus Siculus 14.42.1.] Syracuse, in Sicily, was important to Megale Hellas, the Greek-speaking area in and around southern Italy [see: Italic Dialects]. It came into conflict with Rome during the Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.). In the century after the one in which the Syracusans invented the catapult, Syracuse was home to the great scientist Archimedes. That early fourth century B.C. type of catapult is probably not the one most of us envision- a torsion catapult that throws stones to break down enemy walls, but an early version of the Medieval crossbow that shot missiles when the trigger was released. It is also called a belly-bow or gastraphetes. It was attached to a stock on a stand that Ober thinks could be moved a bit for aiming, but the catapult itself was small enough to be held by a person. Likewise, the first torsion catapults were small and probably aimed at people, rather than walls, like the belly-bow. By the end of the fourth century, however, Alexanders successors, the Diadochi, were using the large, wall-breaking stone-tossing, torsion catapults. Torsion Torsion means they were twisted to store energy for the release. Illustrations of the twisted fiber look like twisted skeins of knitting yarn. In Artillery as a Classicizing Digression, an article showing the lack of technical expertise of ancient historians who describe artillery, Ian Kelso calls this torsion the motive force of the wall-wrecking catapult, which he refers to as mural artillery. Kelso says that although faulty technically, the historians Procopius (6th century A.D.) and Ammianus Marcellinus (fl. mid-fourth century A.D.) give us valuable insight into siege engines and siege warfare because they were in the besieged cities. In On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes T. E. Rihll says there are three components for describing catapults: Power Source:BowSpringMissileSharpHeavyDesignEuthytonePalintone Bow and spring have been explained- the bow is the one like the crossbow, the spring involves torsion. Missiles were either sharp, like arrows and javelins or heavy and generally blunt even if not round, like stones and jars. The missile varied depending on the objective. Sometimes a besieging army wished to break down the city walls, but at other times it aimed to burn the structures beyond the walls. Design, the last of these descriptive categories hasnt yet been mentioned. Euthytone and palintone refer to different arrangements of the springs or arms, but both can be used with torsion catapults. Instead of using bows, torsion catapults were powered by springs made of skeins of hair or sinews. Vitruvius calls a two-armed (palintone) stone-thrower, powered by torsion (spring), a ballista. In The Catapult and the Ballista, J. N. Whitehorn describes the parts and operation of the catapult using many clear diagrams. He says the Romans realized rope was not a good material for the twisted skeins; that, generally, the finer the fiber, the more resiliency, and strength the twisted cord would have. Horsehair was normal, but womens hair was best. In a pinch horse or oxen, neck sinew was employed. Sometimes they used flax. Siege engines were covered protectively with hiding to prevent enemy fire, which would destroy them. Whitehorn says catapults were also used to create fires. Sometimes they hurled jars of the waterproof Greek fire. The Catapults of Archimedes Like the battering ram, animal names were given types of catapults, especially the scorpion, which Archimedes of Syracuse used, and the onager or wild ass. Whitehorn says Archimedes, in the last quarter of the third century B.C., made advances in artillery so that Syracusans could hurl enormous stones at Marcellus men during the siege of Syracuse, in which Archimedes was killed. Supposedly the catapults could hurl stones weighing 1800 pounds. 5. This was the siege equipment with which the Romans planned to assault the citys towers. But Archimedes had constructed artillery which could cover a whole variety of ranges, so that while the attacking ships were still at a distance he scored so many hits with his catapults and stone-throwers that he was able to cause them severe damage and harass their approach. Then, as the distance decreased and these weapons began to carry over the enemys heads, he resorted to smaller and smaller machines, and so demoralized the Romans that their advance was brought to a standstill. In the end Marcellus was reduced in despair to bringing up his ships secretly under cover of darkness. But when they had almost reached the shore, and were therefore too close to be struck by the catapults, Archimedes had devised yet another weapon to repel the marines, who were fighting from the decks. He had had the walls pierced with large numbers of loopholes at the height of a man, which were about a palms bre adth wide at the outer surface of the walls. Behind each of these and inside the walls were stationed archers with rows of so-called scorpions, a small catapult which discharged iron darts, and by shooting through these embrasures they put many of the marines out of action. Through these tactics he not only foiled all the enemys attacks, both those made at long range and any attempt at hand-to-hand fighting, but also caused them heavy losses.Polybius Book VIII Ancient Writers on the Topic of Catapults Ammianus Marcellinus 7 And the machine is called tormentum as all the released tension is caused by twisting (torquetur); and scorpion, because it has an upraised sting; modern times have given it the new name onager, because when wild asses are pursued by hunters, by kicking they hurl back stones to a distance, either crushing the breasts of their pursuers, or breaking the bones of their skulls and shattering them.Ammianus Marcellinus Book XXIII.4 Caesars Gallic Wars When he perceived that our men were not inferior, as the place before the camp was naturally convenient and suitable for marshaling an army (since the hill where the camp was pitched, rising gradually from the plain, extended forward in breadth as far as the space which the marshaled army could occupy, and had steep declines of its side in either direction, and gently sloping in front gradually sank to the plain); on either side of that hill he drew a cross trench of about four hundred paces, and at the extremities of that trench built forts, and placed there his military engines, lest, after he had marshaled his army, the enemy, since they were so powerful in point of number, should be able to surround his men in the flank, while fighting. After doing this, and leaving in the camp the two legions which he had last raised, that, if there should be any occasion, they might be brought as a reserve, he formed the other six legions in order of battle before the camp.Gallic Wars II.8 Vitruvius The tortoise of the battering ram was constructed in the same way. It had, however, a base of thirty cubits square, and a height, excluding the pediment, of thirteen cubits; the height of the pediment from its bed to its top was seven cubits. Issuing up and above the middle of the roof for not less than two cubits was a gable, and on this was reared a small tower four stories high, in which, on the top floor, scorpions and catapults were set up, and on the lower floors a great quantity of water was stored, to put out any fire that might be thrown on the tortoise. Inside of this was set the machinery of the ram, in which was placed a roller, turned on a lathe, and the ram, being set on top of this, produced its great effects when swung to and fro by means of ropes. It was protected, like the tower, with rawhide.Vitruvius XIII.6 References Origin of Greek and Roman Artillery, Leigh  Alexander; The  Classical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 5 (Feb. 1946), pp. 208-212. The Catapult and the Ballista, by J. N. Whitehorn;  Greece Rome  Vol. 15, No. 44  (May 1946), pp. 49-60. Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery, by Dietwulf Baatz;  Britannia  Vol. 9, (1978), pp. 1-17. Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid, by Josiah Ober;  American Journal of Archaeology  Vol. 91, No. 4 (Oct. 1987), pp. 569-604. The Introduction of Artillery in the Roman World: Hypothesis for a Chronological Definition Based on the Cosa Town Wall, by Valà ©rie Benvenuti;  Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 47 (2002), pp. 199-207. Artillery as a Classicizing Digression, by Ian Kelso;  Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte  Bd. 52, H. 1 (2003), pp. 122-125. On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes, by T. E.  Rihll;  The Annual of the British School at Athens  Vol. 101, (2006), pp. 379-383. Rihll, Tracey. The Catapult: A History. Kindle Edition, 1 edition,W estholme Publishing, January 23, 2007.

Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key

Author's Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key Stop! Before you read on, have you completed the Authors Tone Worksheet 1, first? If not, go back, answer the questions and  then  head back here and find out what youve gotten right and what you may have missed.   If youre curious about what authors tone really is and wondering how to figure it out, here are  three of the tricks you can use to determine the authors tone when you dont have a clue. Feel free to use these free printable pdf files for your own educational use, too: Authors Tone Worksheet 1 | Authors Tone Worksheet 1 Answer Key Passage 1   1. What does the author most likely want to convey through the use of the phrase â€Å"ready consent to terms and a couple of coins flung upon the table?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. The strangers lack of manners and thoughtfulness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. The strangers desire to quickly get to his room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. The strangers greediness in bartering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. The strangers discomfort. The correct answer is B.  The stranger is desperate for warmth. We know that because hes covered in snow and asks for human charity, which we can only assume is because hes cold. So even though we know he is uncomfortable, the correct answer is NOT D. The author uses the words ready consent, which means eager or quickly willing consent and coins flung upon the table to indicate a hurried pace. Yes, we know its because hes uncomfortable, but the phrases indicate speed.   PASSAGE 2  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2. The authors attitude toward mothers trying to arrange marriages for their daughters could best be described as: A. accepting of the notion B. irritated with the notion C. astonished by the notion D. amused by the notion The correct answer is D. Even if we read nothing beyond the first line, wed get the sense that the author was slightly amused by the subject matter. The author further makes the scene amusing by pitting a complacent husband against his busybody wife. Austen depicts the mother as meddling, gossiping, and impatient. If Austen were irritated by the idea, shed make the mother more unlikable. If she were astonished by the idea, then shed make the husband act aghast when Mrs. Bennet brings it up. If she were accepting of the idea, then she probably wouldnt have written about it in a witty way. Hence, Choice D is the best bet.   3. What tone is the author most likely trying to convey with the sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. satiric   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. scornful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. reproachful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. weary The correct answer is A. This speaks to the tone of the excerpt as a whole. Shes sarcastic about societys notion of marrying young women off to wealthy men. Her overreaching statement, a truth universally acknowledged is an example of hyperbole, which is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally. And although she may personally be reproachful or scornful of the idea, her tone does not convey it in this satire. PASSAGE 3 4. Which of the following choices provides the best answer to the authors final question posed in the text, while maintaining the tone of the article? A. It could be that Id fallen into a nightmare without knowing it.   B. It had to be the dreariness of the day. Nothing about the house itself was particularly depressing. C. The solution defied me. I couldnt get at the heart of my displeasure. D. It was a mystery I couldnt solve; nor could I grapple with the shadowy fancies that crowded upon me as I pondered.   The correct choice is D. Here, the answer must closely mirror the language in the text. The words used by Poe are complicated, as is his sentence structure. Choice B and Ds sentence structure is too simple and Choice Bs answer is incorrect based on the text. Choice A seems logical until you place it up against Choice D, which uses a complex structure and language similar to that already in the text. 5. Which emotion is the author most likely trying to rouse from his reader after reading this text?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A. hatred   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. terror   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. apprehension   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D. depression The correct choice is C. Although the character feels depression upon viewing the house, Poe is trying to make the reader feel apprehension in the scene. Whats going to come up? If he were trying to make the reader feel depressed, he would have spoken to something more personal. And he wasnt trying to terrify the reader in this scene, either. He wouldve used scarier content instead of relying on the dark, depressing words and phrases he does. And Choice A is completely off! Hence, Choice C is the best answer.

The Impact Of Technology On Modern Warfare Research Proposal

The Impact Of Technology On Modern Warfare - Research Proposal Example In this respect, it will be critical to highlight the history of modern technology in modern warfare. After exploring the history of technology in warfare over time, transitions from one technology to another will be considered. Computer and the internet era, information technology, surveillance, intelligence, weapon accumulation, and fire volumes (Singer 77) will be explored in detail. Use of different sources will provide key insights in this section. Following massive technological developments, it is evident that modern warfare practices are more effective and efficient compared to both World War I and II (Chakrabarti 57). This section will consider current state of affairs as far warfare activities are concerned. Command and control of modern warfare is an intensive and extensive exercise. This exercise encompasses the use of computer, surveillance, information, target acquisition, and communication systems (Loo 91). For successful, effective, and efficient execution of contemporary warfare, it is critical to integrate these systems. This section will explore strategies, actions, and policies that aid in the integration of the aforementioned systems. The continued use of advanced technologies in warfare comes with a number of advantages. Primary advantages of technology in warfare include faster, quicker, and more destructive combat, nuclear weapons, employment of information war as opposed to physical combat, relieving soldiers of heavy load during combat, use of drones, communication anytime anywhere, and global communication and surveillance among others (Howorth 106). Amid the above-highlighted advantages of technology in modern warfare, critical technological vulnerabilities are evident. Privacy and security of software used by military and related agencies could be in jeopardy if massive caution and protection are not in place (Percy 83). Hacking and other forms of cybercrimes are also critical to the prospects of

IMC & Customer Satisfaction...and that i also should be the running Essay

IMC & Customer Satisfaction...and that i also should be the running head for the apa - Essay Example nce, the company would try to offer its products and services to its customers in a cost effective way, hence the advertising strategy should be such which does not lead to incurring high cost for the company and at the same time communicates to its potential target customers in an effective manner. The best way to advertise the products and services offered by Inter-Global Medicare would be the use of digital media. Digital advertising tools such as through its websites, social networking websites, search engines, e-mails, etc. could be effectively used by the company to advertise its products. This can help achieve the overall marketing goals of the organization by reducing the costs incurred on advertising and thereby adding to the profits of the company. Through by effectively utilizing digital media the company would be able to communicate with greater number of people while incurring less cost, and could thus help in boosting the sales and profitability of the company. The job of advertising the products and services of Inter-Global Medicare is not complete until and unless a measuring tool is designed which can evaluate the effectiveness of the advertising strategies employed by the organization (Wells, 1997, p. 4). Now since it is suggested that the company would use digital advertising strategies, it would be ideal for the organization to design an internet based tool that would have a response corner on all the websites where the company products and services are advertised. Whenever a consumer visits the websites and clicks on the advertisement, he would be required to give feedbacks and fill in his contact details. Analysis tools are available which can be used by the company to measure the number of customers who have actually visited its advertisements and what are their viewpoints or queries regarding the products and services offered by the company. In this way it can prove to be an effective tool for measuring the effectiveness of the a dvertising

Structure analysis for NEA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Structure analysis for NEA - Essay Example President Barrack Obama has emerged revised policies to approach the challenges of VC fund flow structure of the country with appropriate revision of all existing norms to benefit the emerging companies. NEA environment of the liquidity of VC’s fund is described better by Porter’s Five Forces which identifies five different constraints in the fund governance of an emerging company. Firstly, the status of a company needs to be largely approved and of a huge size of operation to enter into NEA’s investment stream. Legal formalities of many of the entrants become complicated as they need to produce assurance of liquidity to the investors. Secondly, the superior power of investors over the company stands on the way of its operation. Investors are usually very selective about the choice and manner of business. This rigidness is somehow dissolved in the gradual course of longer term of the investment and illiquidity of the fund owing to low growth rate of the company’s income. Another force that suspends the VC’s fund flow is threat of substitutes. Thus the entrepreneur’s power is seized by the influence of investors as they are the decisive force behind the work. At the foremost stage, the VC fund flow was largely hit by the rapid growth in low flexibility and illiquidity which resulted in unethical entry of rival groups in the operation of similar activities. In the trial of accumulating funds, more than 650 Funded Companies, over 165 IPOs and as many as 265 Mergers and Acquisitions were drawn in favor of the venture capital stream. Thus formation of enhanced capital funding from various fields encouraged the process of forming top 100 companies aligned with an NEA found opportunity for employing over 300000 people and gathered their efforts positively generate $100bn in annual revenues. A great achievement of NEA stream was that it associated over 65 investment

Damned If You Do Essay Example for Free

Damned If You Do Essay In my Chemistry class, there are two students who always ask make remarks or ask questions about the topics discussed: a male and a female. When the male student asks questions, the people in my class sit quietly and listen to the professor’s explanation, but when the female student asks questions, the class—including myself— gets annoyed. They begin to roll their eyes and sneer. Even my professor seems to be annoyed at times. Often I hear my classmates complaining about her during break. They nag about how much she interrupts class with her foolish questions and interpretations, yet no one complains about the male classmate. I thought to myself, â€Å"Maybe he asks better questions than she? † But after a few weeks I began to realize that the intelligence of their questions and comments tends to be the same. So why do my classmates favor the male student’s remarks over the female student’s? Everyone has their own way of saying things, however the way we hear what a women says is often completely different in comparison to how we would hear it if a man had said it instead. When hearing both genders communicating, we unintentionally put males above females. We look at men as more powerful than women. In Deborah Tannen’s book, You Just Don’t Understand, she explains that the reasons for this starts at a very young age. Girls were raised to never boast. Tannen says, â€Å"Girls learn that displaying superiority will not get them what they want—affiliation with peers. For this, they have to appear the same as, not better than, their friends† (218). Females look at boasting as â€Å"showing off† and â€Å"rude†, and feel they will be rejected if they do so. They rarely compare themselves to others. In fact, women try to keep the status between them mutual. The best example is my little sister, Julie. When she plays with her friend Natalie, they always play the same character. They will agree to be â€Å"sister princesses in a big castle. † On the other hand, when I see her play with her friend Jake, he always insists on being superior to her. He says things such as â€Å"I’ll be Batman and you’ll be Robin,† immediately taking the higher status. Boys feel that if they don’t act dominant and take charge people won’t take them seriously. Naturally we expect women not to boast, while with men we don’t seem to care. If a woman told a group of people she was a founder of a huge company worth millions of dollars, they would think she was â€Å"showing off† and the group would automatically leave her out of the conversation. If a man were to say the same thing—because we are so used to them boasting—we would not look at it as â€Å"showing off†. We would think highly of him. This is why men and women are judged differently even when they speak the same way. Tannen says, â€Å"If a linguistic strategy is used by a woman, it is seen as powerless; if it’s done by a man it is seen as powerful† (225). Since females don’t try to be at a higher status, their speech is often ineffective. Along with women not addressing a higher status, they also do not ask for something directly. They are more covert when asking for a favor. When my mom says, â€Å"It would be nice if someone would put the dishes away for me,† most of the time I don’t. Because she is asking indirectly, I don’t see the power in her question. On the other hand, if my dad says â€Å"Hey†¦ put those away for me,† I automatically listen. Although they were both implying the same thing, my mom’s statement was powerless because it was polite and indirect. Females use â€Å"tag questions† (227-28), such as â€Å"That’s a nice dress, isn’t it? † The â€Å"tag question† makes women seem unsure. Women don’t mean to sound hesitant. They say â€Å"Isn’t it? † expecting the other person to say â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no,† and therefore starting a conversation. Tannen says, â€Å"[P]eople expect women to use tags† (228). We expect women to be unsure, and as a result, when they make statements or ask questions, we assume they don’t know that they are talking about. Researcher Patricia Hayes Bradley says, â€Å"When women used tag questions and disclaimers, subjects judged them as less intelligent and knowledgeable than men who also used them† (qtd. in Tannen 228). In other words, because of the different stereotypes of men and women, we have distinctive attitudes towards what they say, and we make men dominant. Looking back at the issue in my Chemistry class, I see why I found the female student aggravating. When comparing her to the male classmate, I unconsciously looked at her as lower than him. Both males and females become accustomed to this power vs. powerless ways. It becomes everyday life. People are less likely to pay attention to an idea that is raised by a woman who doesn’t assert her status, therefore making us unconsciously look at them as below men.

Analysis of Web Service Efficiency

Analysis of Web Service Efficiency Abstract Web service standards used nowadays are Extensible Markup Language based and the important technology in communication between heterogeneous applications are over Internet. Thereby selecting an efficient web services among numerous options satisfying client requirements has become a challenging and time consuming road block. The path for the optimal execution of all the user request is done using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The results have shown how our proposed methodology can help the user to select the most reliable web service available. Our analysis is about creating a cost effective servicing mechanism for web services, if effectively implemented this concept will reduce the need for network engineers in maintenance of web services. As a result of the parallelism technique used in this analysis significant reduction in RT and increase in composition speed has been observed. Keywords: Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Extensible Markup Language, Web Services, Service Quality Architecture (SQA)   1. Introduction In the Service Web the feedback of customers constitutes a substantial component of Web Service trustworthiness and reputation, this in turn affects the consumer service uptake in the future. All that we presents here is an approach to predict and assess the various reputations that are prevalent in the services oriented environment that is prevalent. All the web services enable computer-computer (c2c) communication in a heterogeneous environment, hence they are very suitable for an environment such as the internet. People can use the standardized web service model for rapid design, implement and extended applications. Many enterprises and corporations provide different web services to be more responsive and cost-effective. All activities that are composite services in nature may be defined by the graphs of control flow and the after coming data graphs. As a service provider, the foremost importance is for the bound(upper), the mean RT of a request given some request load and some architectural environment. Furthermore, this computation should be only performed before the actual deployment and usage of the service. In exceptional cases of service thats of composite nature this performance of the service depends on only the hypotheses about all the invoked service that are elementary in nature. Component approaches another very important benefit is reuse. In the web service definition language all the service that are of elementary nature are conceptually limited to relatively very simple features that can be only modeled by a collection of operations that co exist. Moreover, in due to the application kind its very much necessary to combine a set of all the web services into a single composite web servic e. All of the proposed methodology exploits is the ideas from the Software Architecture- and Component-based approaches to software design. The process of web service selection and discovery of system is essential to provide the clients with proper results and that fulfills their requirements. Its impossible for anybody to fulfill the task without considering all the ranking relations that exist between thousands of various available candidates that have similar functionalities. Thus, ranking is a fundamental process of a Web service selection system, as this integrates all the results thats gathered from previous stages and presents them to those requested. This paper is focused on the various ranking process by considering users SQA requirements. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) A Hidden Markov Model is very well related to the study of how likely or unlikely things are going to happen in the graphical model that is available and well suited in dealing with a sequence of data that are related. The very basic way of thinking this is that we have a set of states, but the road block is we wouldnt know the state directly (this is the reason that makes it hidden). Instead of this, we can only make a state, but we are not in position to tell the state of proceedings for sure. Addition to this is that there are changes (from one thing to another) that is in between states. Each of the change (from one thing to another) between the states is also called as a chance. Sometimes these are known, sometimes they are not known. These states are very flexible instrument that can be put to use not just for clarification purpose but also for (division of something to smaller parts) the purpose and even to create or see or hear things that arent there data. The property of ge nerative works by training a model on this data and then randomly creating chances of (instance of watching, noticing or making a statement) and change (from one thing to another). In this way, you can create data using a hidden markov model. 2.1 Definition Our model of HMM is defined by specifying the following variables: X = {x1, x2, , xn} = set of states Z ={z1, z2, , zm} = the output alphabet à Ã¢â€š ¬(i) = probability of being in state xi at time t = 0 A = transitional probability = {aij}, where aij= P r[entering state xj at time t + 1 | in state xiat time t]. Note that the probabilities of going from state i to state j doesnt depend on the previous states at earlier times. B = output probability ={bj(k)}, where bj(k) = P r[zk at time t | in state xj at time t]. For the purpose of giving an example, lets say that we have two biased coins, which we are ipping, and an observer is seeing the results of our coin ips (not which coin were ipping). In fact, suppose that what we are actually doing can be described by Figure1.Here, the states of the HMM are q1 and q2 (the coins), the output alphabet is fH; Tg, and the transition and output probabilities are as labeled. If we let(q1)=1and(q2) = 0 then the following is a example of a possible transition sequence and output sequence for the HMM in the following diagram. We can easily calculate probabilities for the following events. 1. The probability of the above transition sequence: Pr[x1x1x1x2x2x1x1]= à Ã¢â€š ¬(x1)a11a11a12a22a21a11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  0.025 The probability of the above output sequence given the above transition sequence: Pr[HHTTTTH]|(x1x1x1x2x2x1x1)] = 2/3,2/3,1/3,5/ 6,1/3 ,2/3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0.023 The probability of the above output sequenceandtheabovetransition sequence: Pr[(HHTTTTH)^(x1x1x1x2x2x1x1)] à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  (0.025).(0.023) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  5.7 ÃÆ'- 10-4 2.2 HMM Applications Classification: speech recognition (time series), handwriting recognition (sequence of points), patterns and motifs in DNA (sequence of characters), analyzing video sequences. Modeling transitions: road snapping to work out which segment the user was most likely on (a sequence of points). Generation: text to speech (another time series application). Calculating the transition probability depends on the problem you are trying to address. In some cases (e.g. road snapping) you can compute it directly from the data. If you know the observation probabilities, then working out the transition probabilities is relatively easy (it comes down to finding the path that maximizes the observation probabilities and doing a count to get a measure of the transition probabilities). The most popular of all probability estimation approaches for HMM is the Baum-Welch algorithm, which allows the estimation of both observation and transition probabilities simultaneously. 3. Service Quality Architecture (SQA) The most important Service Quality Architecture that is used in this paper are RT, cost of execution, availability of space, all the reputation and the successful rate of execution. The RT can be defined in quite a few ways. For instance, RT can be stated as the time in between the sending of request and that of receiving the response. This is the period that involves all the receiving request of message time, QT(queuing time), ET(execution time) and receiving RT by the requester. Measuring these time sections is very difficult because they depend on network conditions. Alternatively, it can be measured as the time between receiving request by service provider and sending response to service requestor. This time it includes QT and ET only affected by the workload of the web service. This is the value that must be continuously updated in each and every web services because of the work load thats of changing nature and web service may change during the work time. Execution cost of this process is a fee received by the service provider from the service requestor during each and every execution. The fee for this is determined solely by the service provider and can change due to the web service providers financial policy at that moment. The availability is a very important degree, that is a web service is accessible and ready for immediate use at any given point. From service requester for each execution. This fee is determined by service provider and may change according to web service providers financial policy. Availability is the degree that a web service is accessible and ready for immediate use. 3.1 SQA Notations The Service Quality Architecture used in this paper is summarized in Table1: SQA Description RT It is the time between receiving and sending request EC Execution cost request Availability Up time Up time down time Reputation Repi Total no.of usage Successful ER No.of successful request Total no.of request Descriptions of notations used in this paper are as follow: m: number of tasks. n: number of candidate web services for each task. pi: i-th atomic process of a composition schema (1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m). wsij: j-th candidate web service for the ith atomic process, (1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m , 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ n). d: index of SQA . wd: weight of the d-th SQA constraint defined by a client. Cond:permissiblevalueofthe d-th SQA (constraints). Aggd: aggregated value of the d-th S Q A of a composition plan. bij: binary decision variable (0 or 1). If bij=1 then j-th candidate web service is selected for i-th process. 3.1 Aggregation Value of SQA Generally, composition plans are constituted from serial, cycle, XOR-parallel and AND-parallel execution patterns. According to the definition of SQA, the aggregative value of web service composition is calculated regarding to its workflow pattern. The description and aggregation values of workflow patterns are discussed below. For the negative criteria, all the values are scaled to equation 2. For positive criteria, all the values are scaled to equation 1. In our paper the values of n SQA attributes of a service S as a vector: Qs = (Qs1, Qs2, ,Qsn) are modeled and all the value of SQA requirement requested by a consumer are vector Qr = (Qr1, Qr2,Qrn) are considered. All the consumers preference values thus are set on SQA attribute that are each in a vector pr = (pr1,pr2,,prn)where pri[1,n].Thus if a consumer has no preferences over an attribute, n will be considered the default preference value for that specific parameter. Related Works The times of server for the database of composite nature Web services have been examined in full detail, this follows the fork-join execution model. The proposal of the author here is that while performing a join operation or execution, the servers with slow RTs will be eliminated to maximize the performance of the server. All the work here is the more orientation towards examination of the fork-join model thereby to understand the resulting merger of data from various servers. All the work in this domain regarding the performance of the Web services is more inclined towards the composite web services and their RT. When the execution of a composite service that have been examined as a fork-join model. Thus here in the model of the states that a single application in the Internet that invokes many different Web services that are in parallel and thereby gathers their responses and from all the launched services to return thereby, all the results to a client are not affected in general. The perfect explanation of the fork and the join system, that is under some hypothesis is to be found. This hypothesis states that the number of servers that is equal to 2, when the job arrival is in the Poisson process and that the task are in exponential service time distribution in general. The great scientist Nelson and Tantawi proposed that an approximation in the case where all the number of servers is much greater or equal to that of 2 and a homogeneous and exponential servers. After which, a more general case that is presented is where the arrival and service process are general in nature. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSQ, Interactive Evolutionary Computation(IEC),) and Differential evolution (DE) are the major 3 evolutionary algorithm that are on focus in this paper. When IEC is the suitable algorithm for discrete optimization (DO), PSO and DE that offer the continuous optimization are more natural. In this paper we give an introduction to all the 3 similar type of EA techniques to highlight all the common procedures of computation. The most common one we have is the observations in the similarities and differences among the 3 algorithms that are based on various computational steps that are discussed here contrasting to their basic performances. Overall the summary of the literatures discussed is given on the location allocation, flexibility in job shop, multimode resource project that have scheduling road blocks and vehicle routing constraints. 4.1 Average RT Calculation The average RT calculation is a measure of the time that an Enterprise Server consumes in order to return the result that is correct and needed. The RT gets affected by numerous factors such as the quantity of user, bandwidth of network thats available at that point of time, average think time of the server and the basic request type submitted to the server. Here in this section, the RT refers to the average or mean RT. Each and every type of the request has own minimal RT. Even though, when during the evaluation or the testing of the system performance, RT is based on the analysis of average RT of all the requests that is sent to the server. More faster the RT of web service, the more requests/min are being processed overall. However, as the number of users on the system rises, the RT starts to rise proportionally, all though the number of request/min decreases. The below mentioned graph of the system performance of all the server indicates that after a point, the requests/min are inversely proportional to RT. The more sharper the downfall in the requests/min, the steeper the increase in RT. The below mentioned figure clearly point at peak load which is when there quests/min starts to fall. Before this point, RT calculations are not precisely done and was not necessary because they do not use the peak numbers in the formula. But from now on, this point in the graph, the admin is more precisely calculated RT by using maximum number of users and requests/min. The formula used above is calculated using the below method and notations. Tresponse, thats the RT(in seconds) at peak load: Tresponse = n/r Tthink No.of con-current users is denoted by n No. of requests/sec that the server receives is denoted by r The avg think time (in sec) is denoted by Tthink The think time is always included in the equation to get a precise and accurate RT result. If n is max, then the system supports at peak load is6,500/second. r is at peak load, then the system can process at peak load is 2,770/second. The avg think time, Tthink, is 5 sec/request. Therefore RT is calculated by the following formula: Tresponse = n/r Tthink = (5000/ 1000) 3 sec. = 5 3 sec. Thus, the RT is 2 seconds. Application Server performances critical factors are RT, along with throughput. Everything after the systems RT is being calculated at the peak load. 5. Proposed Methodology Optimal web service composition plan that is a composition plans of this road block is very large (nm), is proposed in our paper that presents an approach to find and improve GA that are presented, it quickly converges all the appropriate composition plan. The Tabu search that is being used for generating the neighbor plans and are simulated annealing the heuristic that is applied for accepting or rejecting the neighbor plan. In this phase, all the services thats located after the users requirement will be deleted. Thereby, the remaining services that fulfill the user request. Now among these services, a service with the higher score will be selected. We have proposed the Tabu search and the simulated annealing (SA) that is a constrained satisfaction based approach. Yet, the approach has a high possibility of not completing the local optimum because it is unable to work on more than 1 composition plan simultaneously. We presented an approach in which genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal composition plan. The SA method applies progressive updates to the further generation and the selection of chromosomes to increment the speed of the algorithm performance. Thus, Self-orchestration explains all the Interaction between and within the services that itself orchestrates, before doing anything it actually does the execution. One of the primary languages for the defining self choreographies is the Web Service Choreography Description Language. When this is used partial initialization of chromosomes to escape all the local optimums in general. After all, this proposed method will works on a test sample of composition plans, which is on the contrary to the Tabu method. The different composition approaches that describes the different composition models is provided, which are self-orchestration, self-choreography, self-coordination and part of the component. Self-Orchestration is a description of how the services that participate in the composition of interaction at the message level, including the various order in which iterations that possibly should be executed as well as the business logic. Fig 1: Values of All Web Services and Tasks 5.1 Proposed Design The following diagram shows the activity functions. By using the database it will show all the relevant content to the user. And it tells about the flow of activity of each object. Activity diagram is another important diagram to describe dynamic aspects of the system. Its basically a flow chart that represent the flow from one activity to next activity. In this case the following diagram consist of Server, User, database, checking various query and Sub query. Each actor will perform certain function to achieve the desired goal. First a user enters into a system by providing correct user name and password. After this we will be able to type the query. A use case diagram in its simplest form is a representation of a users interaction with the all the system and depicting the various specifications of a use case. This should be noted that the process of filtering all the web services consists of functional match making and non-functional matchmaking as well. In functional matchmaking, all the web services that have different functionalities from the client are filtered out fully and on the other hand, in non- functional matchmaking, the web services that dont have the appropriate quality are only eliminated. At this stage, the candidate web services for each task are selected. Now the details of the user are fetched into the web agent memory or a temporary storage allocation site. Further the web agents analysis the various web applications in order to finalize the optimal web servers and the resulting information are displayed with user comments and reviews. Fig 2: Flowchart The below diagram tells about the different sequence we are following to make a user to view his related content. In this diagram contain different object like User, database, Validate, relevant and web access. And it tells about the flow of sequence between the objects. A sequence diagram is a kind of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. The user inputs the login details and connects through we access which are then linked to the time and review request. Now, web agent analysis the various requests from the web applications and provides the information regarding the time and review and gives the possible details to the user. Fig 3: Sequence Diagram In recent years, the application of web-based systems in institutions and government agencies is increasing. Introduction of web services is an effective approach in business structures to provide the required capabilities of service providers for services composition. Selecting the precise user service based on the users request is primarily based upon the service quality of the available web services. Several different methods have been suggested to solve the road block of web services composition based on qualitative characteristics. These methods can be divided into two types of exact methods and approximate methods. The first type is known as non-innovative methods which selects the best design from all available designs by examining and calculating the candidates routes and thus provide a more precise answer. In the second type or innovative methods, contrary to the first type, an ideal design that is close to the best and most accurate answer will be chosen. The below mentioned graph that actually compares the various web services that are available in that field and displays its performance based on RT and user reviews that are given. Fig 4: Resulting Graph Due to the importance of optimal composition of web services in recent years, a lot of works have been done in the field of each method. By studying various types of innovative algorithm, one can conclude that many road blocks still exist to solve in web services composition based on qualitative characteristics. For instance, each of these methods usually have local optimality road block alone or in genetic algorithm that are non complex and basic, the crossover type and the operation of mutation acts randomly and without any guidance, which leads to degeneration of the method. Therefore, efforts to improve efficiency such as using combined methods, operators like revolution operator or adding functions to improve were performed. These techniques are provided for better speed, faster convergence, and higher efficiency in large spaces. Based on the mentioned studies, there is no specific benchmark tool for evaluating the algorithm. Although some researchers used different simulation environments or different data to compare them with each other, the results show that different methods have different disadvantages and they do not have any specific standard. Skyline algorithm method and parallelism technique are used in this proposed method in order to provide the best composition with regard to the shortest RT in high scalability. Conclusion For the purpose of retaining their client all the web services first priority is maintaining Service Quality. This paper pays attention to the RTs of composite Web service that plays a very important role in attaining service quality in web services.. We propose a heuristic model for predicting RT of web service and thereby selecting an optimal web service at the runtime from the list of functionally similar web services. For the purpose of the probabilistic instances of Web Services. We have used Hidden Markov Model. Our model has been made with the assumption of Web Services that is deployed on a cluster of web servers and thereby sometime the delayer crash during WS invocation happens which is because the bad node in sever clustering responds to request of the user. By using HMM where ever needed we have predicted the probabilistic nature and predicted the behavior of these web servers and then selected the Web Services based on their optimal probabilistic value. An approach is proposed to solve the Service Quality Architecture aware Web Service selection road block. To avoid this problem, an SQA based algorithm is presented that will reveal all selection leading to the results thats very close to optimal, efficient solution. 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